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Toxicologic Pathology
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Journal Article

Aerosolized Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Induced Pulmonary Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Marc E. Mattix

Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100

Robert E. Hunt

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21701

Catherine L. Wilhelmsen

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21701

Anthony J. Johnson

U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya

Wallace B. Baze

Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100

The pathology of aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was studied in the nonhuman primate. Six juvenile rhesus monkeys that received multiple lethal inhaled doses of SEB developed diarrhea and vomiting within 24 hr followed by depression, dyspnea, and shock. Three of 6 animals died by 52 hr. The most striking gross lesion in all 6 monkeys was diffuse severe pulmonary edema. Histologically, edema fluid was present within the peribronchiolar, peribronchial, and perivascular interstitium, alveolar septa, and alveoli. The adventitia of pulmonary vessels was infiltrated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fewer neutrophils. Numerous large lymphocytes with occasional mitotic figures were within pulmonary vessels, often occluding alveolar capillaries. These cells were strongly immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, establishing them as T cells. Ultrastructurally, endothelial cell junctions were intact, and endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes contained numerous pinocytotic vesicles. Alveolar septal interstitial spaces were expanded by edema. The mechanism of these SEB-induced pulmonary lesions was not determined. We hypothesize that cytokine production by activated T cells may have caused vascular permeability changes leading to widespread pulmonary edema and shock.

Key Words: Biotoxin • enterotoxemia • pulmonary edema • shock • superantigen • T-cell mitogen • nonhuman primate

Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 23, No. 3, 262-268 (1995)
DOI: 10.1177/019262339502300304
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