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Diagnostic Criteria for Proliferative Thyroid Lesions in Bony Fishes

¹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, USA
² Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, Sterling, Virginia, 20166, USA
³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
⁴ Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564, USA

Correspondence: Address correspondence to: Dr. John W. Fournie U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561; e-mail:fournie.john{at}epa.gov

Thyroid proliferative lesions are rather common in bony fishes but disagreement exists in the fish pathology community concerning diagnostic criteria for hyperplastic versus neoplastic lesions. To simplify the diagnosis of proliferative thyroid lesions and to reduce confusion regarding lesion interpretation, we propose specific criteria for distinguishing hyperplastic from neoplastic lesions. Development of these criteria was based on the examination of a large series of proliferative lesions from Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), lesions from other small fish species, and a reexamination of the 97 cases of proliferative thyroid lesions from bony fishes deposited in the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals. Specific diagnostic criteria are provided for all lesion categories including follicular cell hyperplasia (simple, nodular, or ectopic), adenoma (papillary or solid), and carcinoma (well- or poorly differentiated). These criteria should assist fish pathologists in describing and categorizing naturally occurring proliferative lesions from wild fishes, lesions that develop in laboratory fishes due to suboptimal culture practices or water quality, those in fishes used in toxicological assays, and captive aquarium fishes.

Key Words: Thyroid • neoplasia • hyperplasia • fishes

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