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Comparison of Human to Macaque Uterosacral–Cardinal Ligament Complex and Its Relationship to Pelvic Organ ProlapseMount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York, New York, USA Correspondence: Azin Shahryarinejad MD, MPH, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, 1176 5th Avenue Box 1170, New York, NY 10029, USA; e-mail:azin.shahryarinejad{at}mssm.edu. The uterosacral–cardinal ligament complex is thought to be the critical structure responsible for uterine and apical vaginal support. It is ill defined and can be difficult to dissect in the cadaver lab and in the operating room. Even less information is available on the analogous structures in the monkey model. We present this report to bring together what little is known to aid in studying this model and pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and to point out the need for critical assessment of this hormone-responsive tissue in the process of drug development. Competing Interests: This article was sponsored by Covance Inc. and Schering-Plough. The authors did not declare any other competing interests.
Key Words: animal models • female reproduction • nonhuman primate Abbreviations: CEE/MPA, conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate • CL, cardinal ligament • EE/NA, ethinyl estradiol plus norethindrone acetate • ER, estrogen receptors • MMP, matrix metalloproteinases • POP, pelvic organ prolapse • PR, progesterone receptor • RL, round ligament • USCL, uterosacral, cardinal ligament • USL, uterosacral ligament
This version was published on December
1, 2008 Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 36, No. 7 Suppl,
101S-107S (2008) |
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