Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Toxicologic Pathology
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Moto, M.
Right arrow Articles by Mitsumori, K.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Moto, M.
Right arrow Articles by Mitsumori, K.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Articles

Gene Expression Analysis on the Dicyclanil-Induced Hepatocellular Tumors in Mice

Mitsuyoshi Moto1,2
Miwa Okamura1,2
Masako Muguruma1
Tadasi Ito1,2
Meilan Jin1
Yoko Kashida1
Kunitoshi Mitsumori1

1 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
2 Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan

Correspondence: Address correspondence to: Mitsuyoshi Moto, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; e-mail:m-moto{at}cc.tuat.ac.jp


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials And Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Our previous studies showed the possibility that oxidative stress, including oxidative DNA damage, is involved in the mechanism of dicyclanil (DC)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis at the preneoplastic stage in mice. In this study, the expression analyses of genes, including oxidative stress-related genes, were performed on the tissues of hepatocellular tumors in a two-stage liver carcinogenesis model in mice. After partial hepatectomy, male ICR mice were injected with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and given a diet containing 0 or 1500 ppm of DC for 20 weeks. Histopathological examinations revealed that the incidence of hepatocellular tumors (adenomas and carcinomas) significantly increased in the DEN + DC group. Gene expression analysis on the microdissected liver tissues of the mice in the DEN + DC group showed the highest expression levels of oxidative stress-related genes, such as Cyp1a1 and Txnrd1, in the tumor areas. However, no remarkable up-regulation of Ogg1—an oxidative DNA damage repair gene—was observed in the tumor areas, but the expression of Trail—an apoptosis-signaling ligand gene—was significantly down-regulated in the tumor tissues. These results suggest the possibility that the inhibition of apoptosis and a failure in the ability to repair oxidative DNA damage occur in the hepatocellular DC-induced tumors in mice.

Key Words: Chemical carcinogenesis • dicyclanil • liver • mouse • non-genotoxic carcinogen

Abbreviations: 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine • CYP, cytochrome P450 • DC, dicyclanil • DEN, N-diethylnitrosamine • FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization • GGT, {gamma}-glutamyltransferase • Hmox1, heme oxygenase 1 • JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives • LCM, laser-capture microdissection • Ogg1, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase • PB, phenobarbital • ROS, reactive oxygen species • TNF, tumor necrosis factor • Trail, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand 10 • Txnrd1, thioredoxin reductase 1 • WHO, World Health Organization


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials And Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Dicyclanil (DC)—4,6-diamino-2-cyclopropylamino-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile—is a pyrimidine-derived insect growth regulator that inhibits the molting and development of insects and is used in the field of veterinary medicine to prevent myiasis (fly strike) in sheep. As a result, minimal amounts of the parent drug and its metabolites are occasionally detected as residues in the edible tissues of sheep, such as the muscle, liver, and fat (WHO, 2000). It has been reported that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was increased in mice that were fed a diet containing 1500 ppm of DC for 18 months, but negative results were obtained from the in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity studies of DC (WHO, 2000). Based on these results, the 54th meeting of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) concluded that DC is a nongenotoxic rodent carcinogen (WHO, 2000).

Recently, to clarify the mechanism of DC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed 2 experiments—a 2-week feeding study of DC in mice and a short-term study conducted using a 2-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model of mice with partial hepatectomy that were administered DC for 7 weeks. The results of the molecular pathological analysis on the livers of the mice that were fed a diet containing 1500 ppm DC for 2 weeks showed an up-regulation of the expression of several metabolism- and/or oxidative stress-related genes such as cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 (Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2) as well as thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1). In addition to the genes belonging to the same category, fluctuations in the expression of DNA damage/repair genes, such as 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) and growth arrest/DNA-damage-inducible alpha (Gadd45a), were observed in the liver of the 2-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model of mice that were administered DC at the same dose (1500 ppm) for 7 weeks after an initiation treatment with N-dimethylnitrosamine (Moto et al., 2005).

In our second study, we used a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model of mice that were fed a diet containing DC for 13 and 26 weeks. In the liver of these mice, significant increases in the number of altered foci positive for {gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT-positive foci)—a predictive marker of preneoplastic foci in mice livers (Carter et al., 1985)—and the content of liver DNA 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)—a representative marker of oxidative DNA damage (Kasai, 1997; Nakae et al., 1997; Umemura et al., 1998; Yoshida et al., 1999; Kinoshita et al., 2002; Dybdahl et al., 2003; Fortini et al., 2003) were observed (Moto et al., 2006). Based on these results, it was suggested that oxidative stress is probably involved in the mechanism of DC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice (Moto et al., 2006). However, these evidences including the observed gene expressions were obtained by examining whole liver tissues at a tumor promoting stage of hepatocarcinogenesis, and it is unclear how these genes were actually expressed in the hepatocellular tumor tissues.

The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of genes including oxidative stress-related genes in the DC-induced tumor areas in mice. Recently, the laser-capture microdissection (LCM) technique was developed; biochemical or molecular biological analyses in small tissue areas can be performed using this technique (Michael et al. 1996; Suarez-Quian et al., 1999). This technique is a useful tool that enables the collection of only target tissues (areas) under the microscope and prevents contamination with non-target tissues. In this study, by using the LCM technique, histopathological examinations and gene expression analyses were performed on the DC-induced liver tumors obtained from the two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model of mice with partial hepatectomy.


   Materials And Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials And Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Animals and Chemicals
Four-week-old male ICR mice that were purchased from Japan SLC, Inc. (Hamamatsu, Japan) were maintained on a powdered basal diet (MF; Oriental Yeast, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and tap water until they were 5 weeks of age. The mice were housed in polycarbonate cages with paper bedding and were maintained under standard conditions (room temperature, 22°C ± 2°C; relative humidity, 55% ± 5%; light/dark cycle, 12 hr). Animal care and experiments were carried out in accordance with the Guide for Animal Experimentation of the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.

DC (CAS No. 112636-83-6) was kindly provided by Novartis Animal Health Inc. (Basel, Switzerland) for the experiment. N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan).

Experimental Design
A two-stage liver carcinogenesis model of mice was employed using the modified protocol of Porta et al. (1987) and Lee et al. (1989) (Figure 1). To initiate hepatocarcinogenesis, an ip injection of DEN at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight was administered to the animals (day 0). Twelve hours before the DEN injection, a two-third partial hepatectomy was performed on the mice to enhance the regeneration of the liver with DNA damage. One week after the DEN injection, mice were fed a powdered diet containing DC at a concentration of 0 or 1500 ppm for 20 weeks. For liver sampling, after 20 weeks, the survivors were sacrificed by exsanguination from the abdominal aorta under ether anesthesia.


Figure 10340744
View larger version (36K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 1 Experimental design.

 
At necropsy, tissue samples were collected from all the remaining lobes of the liver. In the mice with liver tumors, the tissues including tumors were sampled. One-third of these samples were fixed with natural-buffered formalin for the histopathological examinations, and a second one-third was embedded in the OCT compound (Tissue-Tek; Miles Inc., Elkhart, USA) to freeze them for the gene expression analysis of the tumor areas and the staining of GGT. The remaining liver samples were weighed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –80°C until subsequent gene expression analyses were performed by using two types of low density cDNA microarrays and real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Histology
For light microscopy, formalin-fixed liver tissues were embedded in paraffin, and 4-µm-thick tissue slices were sectioned. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining for the sections was performed according to routine histopathological methods. Histochemical staining of GGT was performed by using frozen liver slices, as described previously (Moto et al., 2005), in order to determine the presence of preneoplastic foci, altered foci, and neoplasms in the frozen sections.

Preparation of RNA from the Liver
For gene selection in the liver tissues by using microarrays and RT-PCR, total RNA was isolated from approximately 30 mg of the frozen liver tissues of all the animals by using an RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN Inc., CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For gene expression analysis in the tumor areas, total RNA was isolated from the livers of three mice in the DEN (nontumor areas) and the DEN + DC groups (tumor and nontumor areas in the same animal), respectively. The frozen tissues embedded in the OTC compound were sliced as 10–15 serial sections with a thickness of 10 µm. One of the frozen sections was used for the histochemical staining of GGT to clarify the area of proliferative lesions. Other sections were stained with 0.05% truidin blue, and the tumor areas (2 carcinomas of 2 mice and 1 adenoma of one mouse) and nontumor areas of 3 mice in the DEN + DC group were collected using the laser microdissection system (AS LMD, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) under light microscopy. LMD samples of each mouse were dissected from 9–14 serial sections and pooled (total >20 mm2 per each mouse) in RNAlater RNA Stabilization Reagent (QIAGEN Inc., CA, USA). Nontumor areas in 3 mice of the DEN group also collected similarly. The total RNA isolated from the collected samples was treated with DNase and also isolated by the same method described above.

Gene Expression Analyses
The relative expression of genes involved in stress, toxicity, and signal transduction in cancer were analyzed using two kinds of low-density and pathway-specific cDNA microrrays (Stress & Toxicity PathwayFinder cDNA GEArray (MM-12) and the Signal Transduction in Cancer cDNA GEArray (MM-44); SuperArray Inc., Bethesda, MD) containing up to 192 cDNA (96 cDNA per array) fragments from genes associated with these specific biological pathway. Using total RNA from frozen tissues of the 3 mice in which the altered- foci and tumors were respectively observed in the DEN group and the DEN + DC group, cDNA microarrays were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Total RNA (3 µg) was reverse transcribed and double-stranded cDNA probes were generated by biotin-16-dUTP incorporation using the AmpoLabeling-LPR Kit (SuperArray), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Labeled cDNA probes were hybridized overnight. Following repetitive washing, hybridized cDNA probes were detected by chemiluminescence. Membranes were blocked for non-specific binding with GEAblocking solution (SuperArray). Bound biotinylated cDNA probe was detected with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin and CDP-Star chemiluminscent substrate (SuperArray). Images of the membranes were recorded on X-ray film and digitally recorded on Bio Imaging System (Lab Works 4.0: UVP Inc., CA, USA). Gene spots were converted into numerical data using ScanAlyze software <http://rana.lbl.gov/EisenSoftware.htm>. Data were further processed with GEArray Analyzer (www.superarray.com), correcting for background noise by subtraction of the minimum value and normalizing to the value of 2 housekeeping genes (β-actin and GAPDH) of each individual array. Genes were considered present if the expression level was 2 times greater than that of the blank negative control. Genes were considered to be differentially expressed in the DEN + DC group if the mean of fold-changes was less than 0.5 or greater than 2.0 and observed to be statistically significant compared to the DEN group.

Real-time RT-PCR was carried out using the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA), and the cDNA aliquots were used in the quantitative real-time RT-PCR with SYBR Green using an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). The RT-PCR primers for the genes of Cyp1a1 (accession No. NM 009992), heme oxygenase 1 (Hmo1) (accession No. NM 010442), progesterone receptor (Pgr) (accession No.; NM 008829), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand 10 (Trail) (accession No. NM 009425), Txnrd1 (accession No. NM 015762), and Ogg1 (Accession No.; NM 010957) in this study were prepared as reported previously (Moto et al., 2005). To obtain the relative quantitative values for gene expression, β-actin was used as an internal control. Each sample was replicated 3 times, and all reactions were independently repeated 2 times in order to ensure the reproducibility of the results.

Statistical Evaluation
The quantitative data in the DEN and DEN+DC groups were represented as the means ± SD. In gene expression analysis of the liver tissues by real-time RT-PCR, the data were represented as the mean (bar) with individual spots. The significance of the difference in the data of body weight, food consumption, and gene expression ratio between the DEN alone and DEN + DC groups were analyzed by Student’s t-test. Data from histopathological examinations were assessed by the Wilcoxon test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using a statistical software (JMP 4.0.5J; SAS Institute, Inc., NC, USA).


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials And Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
General Observations and Histopathological Findings in the Liver
During the experimental period, neither death nor remarkable treatment-related clinical signs were observed in either the DEN or the DEN + DC groups. However, a significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in the DEN + DC group at week 3 and from weeks 16 to 20 (Figure 2, Table 1). Macroscopically, the livers of all the mice in the DEN + DC group showed discoloration, and nodules/masses were observed on the surface of the liver in 3 of the 14 mice in this group (Figure 3A).


Figure 20340744
View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 2 Body weight changes after DC treatment.

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Body weights, food consumptions, and DC intake in mice treated with DC after DEN initiation.

 

Figure 30340744
View larger version (694K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 3 Proliferative lesions in the livers of mice treated with DC after DEN initiation. (A) Macroscopic findings of the liver tumors in mice in the DEN + DC group. (B) Hepatocellular altered focus of a basophilic cell type (enclosed by closed triangles). (C) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Low magnification. (D) Hepatocellular carcinoma that is different from that shown in Figure 3C. Higher magnification. (E and F) Histochemical staining of GGT. GGT-positive reactions are observed in an altered focus (E) and in hepatocellular carcinoma (F).

 
On histopathological examination, altered hepatocellular foci of the basophilic cell type were observed in both groups, and the incidence of these foci was 43% in the DEN + DC group and 38% in the DEN group. In the DEN + DC group, hepatocellular adenomas (29%) and carcinomas (14%) were also observed, and the total incidence of hepatocellular tumors was 36%; this incidence was significantly higher in this group as compared to the DEN group (p < 0.01). In the histochemical staining of GGT performed on frozen sections, altered foci and tumors showed positive reactions (Figure 3, Table 2). Similar to other histopathological findings, centrilobular hypertrophy and necrotic foci of the hepatocytes were also observed in the DEN + DC group (data not shown).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2 Incidences (percentages) of proliferative lesions in the liver of mice treated with DC after DEN initiation.

 
Gene Expressions in Liver Tissues
The findings of the gene expressions by the 2 microarray analyses are shown in Table 3. A level of up- or down-regulation greater than 2-fold was observed in 11 genes (up-regulation, 8 genes; down-regulation, 3 genes) of 192 genes in two microarrays. In the stress and toxicity pathway array and the signal transduction array, significant or remarkable up-regulations were observed in the oxidative stress- and metabolism-related genes, such as Cyp1a1, Hmox1, Cyp1a2, and Pgr (sex hormone gene), in the DEN + DC group. On the other hand, Trail was significantly down-regulated in both arrays.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3 cDNA Microarray analysis of the gene expressions in the liver tissues of mice treated with DC after DEN initiation.

 
The validation of gene expression in all animals was performed by real-time RT-PCR for the genes that showed significant and remarkable fluctuations in expression in the microarray analyses (Figure 4). In addition to these genes, Ogg1 and Txnrd1, which we focused on in our previous studies and which are oxidative stress-related genes, were also examined. A significant up-regulation in mean gene expression was observed in Cyp1a1, Hmox1, Ogg1, and Txnrd1 in the DEN + DC group. In the same group, the mean expression of Trail was significantly down-regulated. In the expression analysis carried out on the individual mice in the DEN + DC group, Trail showed a tendency toward low levels of expression in the mice with tumors. Ogg1 also showed a tendency toward low levels of expression in mice with tumors in the DEN + DC group, although its mean expression was significantly up-regulated as compared with its expression in the DEN group. The expression of the other genes in the present examination did not show any remarkable tendency toward either up- or down-regulation in the mice with hepatocellular tumors in the DEN + DC group.


Figure 40340744
View larger version (68K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 4 Gene expressions in the livers of mice treated with DC after DEN initiation. Symbols represent each mouse with tumors (closed circles), altered foci (open circles), and no proliferative lesions (squares). Bars represent the mean of each group. "* or**" represent the significant difference from the DEN group at p < 0.05 or 0.01, respectively (t-test).

 
Gene Expression Analysis in the Liver Tumor Areas
In the microarray and real-time RT-PCR analysis, Ogg1 and Trail were selected. In addition to these 2 genes, Cyp1a1 and Txnrd1 were also examined as marker genes of oxidative stress. The results of the expressions analysis of these genes in the microdissected tumor areas of the livers of the 3 mice selected from each group are shown in Figure 5.


Figure 50340744
View larger version (97K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Figure 5 Gene expressions in the hepatocellular tumor areas of mice treated with DC after DEN initiation. (A) Total RNA was purified from the sections microdissected from the tumor areas (T) and non-tumor areas (NT) in the frozen liver slices of the mice. (B) Gene expressions in each area. The tumor areas (closed columns) and nontumor areas (dark columns) in the DEN + DC group were collected from the liver of the same mouse. Columns represent the mean ± SD of the 3 mice. "*" represents significant difference from the DEN group at p < 0.05 (t-test).

 
The mean expression of Cyp1a1 and Txnrd1 showed a tendency toward up-regulation in the tumor areas, and a significant up-regulation was observed in the nontumor areas in the mice in the DEN + DC group as compared to the non-tumor tissues in the mice in the DEN group. The expression of Ogg1 was not remarkably up-regulated in the tumor areas, although significant up-regulation was observed in the non-tumor areas in the mice in the DEN + DC group. On the other hand, a significant down-regulation of Trail was observed in the tumor areas in the mice in the DEN + DC group, although the expression of Trail in the nontumor areas in this group was similar to that observed in the DEN group.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials And Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
The histopathological examinations conducted in the present study demonstrated that DC enhanced the induction of hepatocellular tumors in mice, and these data support our previous reports that found that DC has hepatocarcinogenic potential in mice. In the special staining of GGT, the altered hepatocellular foci and tumors in the liver showed a positive reaction. These data provide supportive evidence indicating that staining of GGT in the liver is a useful tool for the prediction of hepatocellular tumors in mice.

In gene expression analyses carried out by using microarrays in the liver tissues at the tumor formation stage, significant (or remarkable) fluctuations were observed in the expression of certain genes in the DEN + DC group. In addition to the expression of oxidative stress- and metabolism-related genes, such as Cyp1a1, Homx1, and Cyp1a2, significant fluctuations were observed in the expression of Pgr and Trail. Similar changes in the mean expression of Cyp1a1, Homx1, and Trail in the DEN + DC group were also confirmed by real-time RT-PCR analysis. In our previous study, DC also enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and the expression of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 in the livers of mice at the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis (Moto et al., 2005, 2006). It has been reported that CYP1A isoforms, such as CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, indirectly result in the production of very large amounts of oxidative stress-inducible substances, such as ROS, in comparison to other CYPs (Puntarulo and Cederbaum, 1998; Canistro et al., 2002). Hmox1 plays an effective role in counteracting oxidative damage, and it is expected that the activation of this gene has a potential of therapeutic tool for cancer (Fabiana et al., 2004). In addition to these genes, the up-regulation of the mean expression ofTxnrd1 and Ogg1, which were focused on as oxidative stress-related genes in our previous studies, were also observed in the DEN + DC group. TXNRD1 plays an important role in the redox regulation of multiple intra-cellular processes, including DNA synthesis, transcriptional regulation, cell growth, and resistance to cytotoxic agents inducing oxidative stress (Becker et al., 2000; Nyuyen et al., 2005). Based on these results, it can be considered that oxidative stress occurs in the livers of the DC treated-mice at the tumor formation stage, and it is possible that the persistence of oxidative stress plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DC.

In the present gene expression analysis in the liver tissues, tendencies toward low levels of expression were observed for Ogg1 and Trail in mice with hepatocellular tumors in the DEN + DC group. In fact, in the DEN group, the expression of Ogg1 in the tumor areas was approximately equal to that in the nontumor areas of the DEN alone group; however, the expression level of this gene in the nontumor areas was significantly up-regulated in the DEN + DC group. Ogg1, a gene involved in the repair of 8-OHdG, is known as an indicator of oxidative DNA damage and has been shown to be potentially involved in the carcinogenesis in various experimental models (Nakae et al., 1997; Yoshida et al., 1999; Shinmura and Yokota, 2001; Kinoshita et al., 2002, 2003). Our previous study reported that the administration of DC for a period of 13 and 26 weeks increased the formation of 8-OHdG in the liver DNA of mice at the stage of preneoplastic foci formation (Moto et al., 2006). Additionally, Cyp1a1 and Txnrd1, which were used as markers of oxidative stress genes in this study, were remarkably up-regulated in the tumor areas in the livers of mice in the DEN + DC group. Therefore, the present results suggest a possibility that the ability of Ogg1 to repair the oxidative DNA damage induced by DC failed in the hepatocellular tumors in which high levels of oxidative stress occurred.

A significant down-regulation in the expression of Trail was observed in the tumor areas in the livers of mice in the DEN + DC group. TRAIL is a member of the TNF family of cytokines that can induce apoptotic cell death in a variety of tumor tissues, and preclinical studies in mice and non-human primates have shown the potential utility of recombinant TRAIL for cancer therapy (Ashkenazi et al., 1999; Walczak et al., 1999; Yagita et al., 2004). Therefore, the down-regulation of Trail expression indicates the possibility that apoptosis and the self-regulation of carcinogenesis are inhibited in the tumors induced by DC. It is well recognized that one possible mechanism of nongenotoxic carcinogens is an alteration of apoptosis regulation because dysregulation of apoptosis results in the decreasing ability of cells to undergo apoptosis. For example, phenobarbital (PB) and WY-14643, representative nongenotoxic carcinogens in mice and rats, gradually increase anti-apoptosis proteins during the hepatocarcinogenesis in mice (Christensten et al., 1999). Additionally, it has been reported that short-term treatments of PB showed no increase of apoptosis in the liver of mice (Bursch et al., 2002). In our previous study, the down-regulation of Trail expression was not observed in our 2- and 7-week studies of DC. Taking these data into account, it is speculated that Trail plays an important role at the later stages of carcinogenesis, such as in the stages of promotion or progression, in the DC-induced hepatocarcinogenicity.

In conclusion, the present investigation on the gene expressions in the hepatocellular tumors induced by DC in a 2-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model of mice have demonstrated the possibility that oxidative stress, failure of the ability to repair oxidative DNA damage, and the inhibition of apoptosis occur in the tumor areas. In addition, the results of our previous and present studies suggest that the continuous treatment of DC induces oxidative stress in the liver and hepatocellular tumors, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the DC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.


   Acknowledgments
 
We are grateful to Novartis Animal Health Inc. for supplying DC. This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for research on the safety of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (H16-shokuhin-006).


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials And Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Ashkenazi, A, Pai, RC, Fong, S, Leung, S, Lawrence, DA, Marsters, SA, Blackie, C, Chang, L, McMurtrey, AE, Herbert, A, DeForge, L, Koumenis, IL, Lewis, D, Harris, L, Bussiere, J, Koppen, H, Shahrokh, Z, & Schwall, RH. (1999). Safety and antitumor activity of recombinant soluble Apo2 ligand. J Clin Invest, 104, 155-62[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Becker, K, Gromer, S, Schirmer, RH, & Muller, S. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase as a pathophysiological factor and drug target. Eur J Biochem, 267, 6118-25[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Bursch, W, Wastl, U, Hufnagl, K, & Schulte-Hermann, R. (2002). No increase of apoptosis in regressing mouse liver after withdrawal of growth stimuli or food restriction. Toxicol Sci, 85, 507-514[CrossRef]

Canistro, D, Cantelli-Forti, G, Biagi, GL, & Palini, M. (2002). Re: Dioxin increases reactive oxygen production in mouse liver mitochondria. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 185, 74-5[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Carter, KC, Gandolfi, AJ, & Sipes, IG. (1985). Characterization of dimethylnitrosamine -induced focal nodular lesions in the livers of new born mice. Toxicol Pathol, 13, 3-9[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Christensen, JG, Romach, EH, Healy, LN, Gonzales, AJ, Anderson, SP, Malarkey, DE, Corton, JC, Fox, TR, Cattley, RC, & Goldsworthy, TL. (1999). Altered bcl-2 family expression during non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis, 20, 1583-90[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Dybdahl, M, Risom, L, Moller, P, Autrup, H, Wallin, H, Vogel, U, Bornholdt, J, Daneshvar, B, Dragsted, LO, Weimann, A, Poulsen, HE, & Loft, S. (2003). DNA adduct formation and oxidative stress in colon and liver of Big Blue rats after dietary exposure to diesel particles. Carcinogenesis, 24, 1759-66[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Fabiana, C, Roberto, M, Alejandra, G, Alcira, B, & Elba, V. (2004). Immunohistochemical analysis of heme oxygenase-1 in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Int J Exp Pathol, 85, 213-22[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Fortini, P, Pascucci, B, Parlanti, E, D’Errico, M, Simonelli, V, & Dogliotti, E. (2003). 8-Oxoguanine DNA damage: at the crossroad of alternative repair pathways. Mutat Res, 531, 127-39[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Kasai, H. (1997). Analysis of a form of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, as a marker of cellular oxidative stress during carcinogenesis. Mutat Res, 387, 147-63[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Kinoshita, A, Wanibuchi, H, Imaoka, S, Ogawa, M, Matsuda, C, Morimura, K, Funae, Y, & Fukushima, S. (2002). Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosin and cell-cycle arrest in the rat liver via generation of oxidative stress by phenobarbital: association with expression profiles of p21WAF1/Cip1, cyclin D1 and Ogg1. Carcinogenesis, 23, 341-49[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kinoshita, A, Wanibuchi, H, Morimura, K, Wei, M, Shen, J, Imaoka, S, Funae, Y, & Fukushima, S. (2003). Phenobarbital at low dose exerts hormesis in rat hepatocarcinogenesis by reducing oxidative DNA damage, altering cell proliferation, apoptosis and gene expression. Carcinogenesis, 24, 1389-99[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lee, GH, Nomura, K, & Kitagawa, T. (1989). Comparative study of diethylnitrosoamine-initiated two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis in C3H, B57BL and BALB mice promoted by various hepatopromoters. Carcinogenesis, 12, 2227-30

Michael, R, Emmert-Buck, RF, Bonner, PD, Smith, RF, Chuaqui, Z, Zhuang, SR, Goldstein, RA, & Weiss, LA. (1996). Laser capture microdissection. Science, 274, 998-1001[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Moto, M, Okamura, M, Muto, T, Kashida, Y, Machida, N, & Mitsumori, K. (2005). Molecular pathological analysis on the mechanism of liver carcinogenesis in dicyclanil-treated mice. Toxicology, 207, 419-36[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Moto, M, Umemura, T, Okamura, M, Muguruma, M, Ito, T, Jin, M, Kashida, Y, & Mitsumori, K. (2006). Possible involvement of oxidative stress in dicyclanil-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Arch Toxicol, 204, in press. in press. in press.

Nakae, D, Kobayashi, Y, Akai, H, Andoh, N, Satoh, H, Ohashi, K, Tsutsumi, M, & Konishi, Y. (1997). Involvement of 8-hydroxyguanine formation in the initiation of rat liver carcinogenesis by low dose levels of N-nitrosodiethylamine. Cancer Res, 57, 1281-87[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Nguyen, P, Awwad, RT, Smart, DD, Spitz, DR, & Gius, D. (2006). Thioredoxin reductase as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett, 236, 164-174[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Porta, GD, Dragani, TA, & Manenti, G. (1987). Two-stage liver carcinogenesis in the mouse. Toxicol Pathol, 15, 299-34

Puntarulo, S, & Cederbaum, AI. (1998). Production of reactive oxygen species by microsomes enriched in specific human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med, 24, 1324-30[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Shinmura, K, & Yokota, J. (2001). The OGG1 gene encodes a repair enzyme for oxidatively damaged DNA and is involved in human carcinogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal, 3, 597-609[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Suarez-Quian, CA, Goldstein, SR, Pohida, T, Smith, PD, Peterson, JI, Wellner, E, Ghany, M, & Bonner, RF. (1999). Laser capture microdissection of single cells from complex tissues. Biotechniques, 26, 328-35[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Umemura, T, Takagi, A, Sai, K, Hasegawa, R, & Kurokawa, Y. (1998). Oxidative DNA damage and cell proliferation in kidneys of male and female rats during 13-weeks exposure to potassium bromate (KBrO3). Arch Toxicol, 72, 264-69[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Walczak, H, Miller, RE, Ariail, K, Gliniak, B, Griffith, TS, Kubin, M, Chin, W, Jones, J, Woodward, A, Le, T, Smith, C, Smolak, P, Goodwin, RG, Rauch, CT, Schuh, JC, & Lynch, DH. (1999). Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat Med, 5, 157-63[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

WHO. (2000). Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food, Fifty-fourth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additive Series 45 (pp.75-89). Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization

Yagita, H, Takeda, K, Hayakwa, Y, Smith, MJ, & Okumura, K. (2004). TRAIL and its receptors as targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Sci, 95, 777-83[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Yoshida, M, Miyajima, K, Shiraki, K, Ando, J, Kudoh, K, Nakae, D, Takahashi, M, & Maekawa, A. (1999). Hepatotoxicity and consequently increased cell proliferation are associated with flumequine hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett, 141, 99-107[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 34, No. 6, 744-751 (2006)
DOI: 10.1080/01926230600932471
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Toxicol PatholHome page
M. Kawai, Y. Saegusa, M. Jin, Y. Dewa, J. Nishimura, T. Harada, M. Shibutani, and K. Mitsumori
Mechanistic Study on Hepatocarcinogenesis of Piperonyl Butoxide in Mice
Toxicol Pathol, October 1, 2009; 37(6): 761 - 769.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol PatholHome page
M. Kawai, M. Jin, J. Nishimura, Y. Dewa, Y. Saegusa, S. Matsumoto, E. Taniai, M. Shibutani, and K. Mitsumori
Hepatocarcinogenic Susceptibility of Fenofibrate and Its Possible Mechanism of Carcinogenicity in a Two-Stage Hepatocarcinogenesis Model of rasH2 Mice
Toxicol Pathol, December 1, 2008; 36(7): 950 - 957.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol SciHome page
J. Nishimura, Y. Dewa, T. Okamura, M. Jin, Y. Saegusa, M. Kawai, T. Umemura, M. Shibutani, and K. Mitsumori
Role of Nrf2 and Oxidative stress on Fenofibrate-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats
Toxicol. Sci., December 1, 2008; 106(2): 339 - 349.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Moto, M.
Right arrow Articles by Mitsumori, K.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Moto, M.
Right arrow Articles by Mitsumori, K.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?