Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

CiteULike is a free service for managing and discovering scholarly references - click here to get started.

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Toxicologic Pathology
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Capen, C. C.
Right arrow Articles by Rosol, T. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Capen, C. C.
Right arrow Articles by Rosol, T. J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Journal Article

Recent Advances in the Structure and Function of the Parathyroid Gland in Animals and the Effects of Xenobiotics

Charles C. Capen

The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Thomas J. Rosol

The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Parathyroid glands in animals consist of a single basic type of secretory cell concerned with the elaboration of one hormone. Parathyroid hormone is the principal hormone involved in the minute-to-minute fine regulation of blood calcium in mammals. A larger biosynthetic precursor of parathyroid hormone is first synthesized on ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum in chief cells. Pre-proparathyroid hormone is rapidly converted to proparathyroid hormone in the Golgi apparatus. Active parathyroid hormone is packaged into membrane-limited secretory granules that are stored in the cytoplasm until secretion is stimulated. Parathyroid cells in most animals store relatively small amounts of preformed hormone but are capable of responding to minor fluctuations in calcium ion concentration by rapidly altering the rate of hormonal synthesis and secretion. Recently synthesized and processed active parathyroid hormone may be released directly in response to increased demand and bypass the storage pool of mature secretory granules. Relatively few chemicals or experimental manipulations significantly increase the incidence of parathyroid tumors. Irradiation increases the development of parathyroid adenomas in rats and the incidence is modified by feeding diets with variable amounts of vitamin D. Parathyroid adenomas have been encountered infrequently following the administration of a variety of chemicals in 2-year bioassay studies in Fischer rats; however, the incidence increases dramatically when comparing 2-year studies to lifetime data.

Key Words: Parathyroid hormone • regulation of blood calcium • chief cells • oxyphil cells • multinucleated syncytial cells • parathyroid cysts • parathyroid secretory protein • osteoclastic bone resorption • aging and the parathyroid gland • xenobiotics and the parathyroid gland

  • 1. Balogli K and Cohen RB (1961). Oxidative enzymes in the epithelial cells of normal and pathological human parathyroid glands. Lab. Invest. 10: 354–360.[Web of Science]
  • 2. Beck N, Singh H, Reed SW, and Davis BB (1974). Direct inhibitory effect of hypercalcemia on renal actions of parathyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 53: 717–725.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 3. Capen CC (1971). Fine structural changes of parathyroid glands in response to experimental and spontaneous alterations of extracellular fluid calcium. Am. J. Med. 50: 598–611.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 4. Capen CC and Roth SI (1973). Ultrastructural and functional relationships of normal and pathologic parathyroid cells. In: Pathobiology Annual, HL Ioachim (ed). Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, NY, pp. 129–175.
  • 5. Capen CC (1983). Structural and biochemical aspects of parathyroid gland function in animals. In: Monograph on Pathology of Laboratory Animals, Vol. 1. Endocrine System, TC Jones, U Mohr, and RD Hunt (eds). International Life Sciences Institute Series. Springer-Verlag, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 217–247.
  • 6. Chambers TJ (1980). The cellular basis of bone resorption. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 151: 283–293.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 7. Chambers TJ, Revell PA, Fuller K, and Anthanason NA (1984). Resorption of bone by isolated rabbit osteoclasts. J. Cell Sci. 66: 383–399.[Abstract]
  • 8. Chu LLH, MacGregor RR, Anast CS, Hamilton JW and Cohn DV (1973). Studies on the biosynthesis of rat parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone: Adaptation of the parathyroid gland to dietary restriction of calcium. Endocrinology 93: 915–924.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 9. Cohn DV and Elting J (1983). Biosynthesis, processing, and secretion of parathormone and secretory protein-1. Recent Progress Hormone Res. 39: 181–209.
  • 10. Cohn DV, Zangerle R, Fischer-Colbrie R, Chu LLH, Elting JJ, Hamilton JW, and Winkler H (1982). Similarity of secretory protein I from parathyroid gland to chromogranin A from adrenal medulla. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 6056–6059.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 11. Cole JA, Eber SL, Poelling RE, Thorne PK, and Forte LR (1987). A dual mechanism for regulation of kidney phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone. Am. J. Physiol. 253: E221–227.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 12. Copp DH (1970). Endocrine regulation of calcium metabolism. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 32: 61–86.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 13. DeLuca HF (1974). Vitamin D-1973. Am. J. Med. 56: 871–878.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 14. de Vernejoul M-C, Horowitz M, DeMignon J, Neff L, and Baron R (1988). Bone resorption by isolated chick osteoclasts in culture is stimulated by murine spleen cell supernatant fluids (osteoclast-activating factor) and inhibited by calcitonin and prostaglandin E2. J. Bone Min. Res. 3: 69–80.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 15. Delaisse J-M, Eeckhout Y, Sear C, Galloway A, McCullagh K, and Vaes G (1985). A new synthetic inhibitor of mammalian tissue collagenase inhibits bone resorption in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 133: 483–490.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 16. Donahue HJ, Fryer J, Eriksen EF, and Heath H III (1988). Differential effects of parathyroid hormone and its analogues on cytosolic calcium ion and cAMP levels in cultured rat osteoblast-like cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 13522–13527.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 17. Eeckhout Y, Delaisse J-M, Ledent P, and Vaes G (1988). The proteinases of bone resorption. In: The Control of Tissue Damage, AM Glauert (ed). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 297–313.
  • 18. Farndale RW, Sandy JR, Atkinson SJ, Pennington SR, Meghji S, and Meikle MC (1988). Parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2 stimulate both inositol phosphates and cyclic AMP accumulation in mouse osteoblast cultures. Biochem. J. 252: 263–268.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 19. Fjalling M, Hansson G, Hedman I, Ragnhuh I, and Tisell LE (1982). Radiation-induced parathyroid adenomas and thyroid tumors in rats. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. 89: 425–429.
  • 20. Gera I, Hock JM, Guinness-Hey M, Fonseca J, and Raisz LG (1987). Indomethacin does not inhibit the anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone on the long bones of rats. Calcif. Tissue Int. 40: 206–211.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 21. Goltzman D, Bennett HPJ, Koutsilieris M, Mitchell J, Shaffat A, and Rouleau MF (1986). Studies of the multiple molecular forms of bioactive parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-like substances. Recent Prog. Hormone Res. 42: 665–703.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 22. Habener JF (1981). Recent advances in parathyroid hormone research. Clin. Biochem. 14: 223–229.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 23. Habener JF and Potts JT Jr (1979). Subcellular distribution of parathyroid hormone hormonal precursors and parathyroid secretory protein. Endocrinology 104: 265–275.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 24. Hall GE and Kenny AD (1985). Role of carbonic anhydrase in bone resorption induced by 1,25 dihy-droxyvitamin D3 in vitro. Calcif. Tissue Int. 37: 134–142.[CrossRef]
  • 25. Hanai H, Ishida M, Liang CT, and Sacktor B (1986). Parathyroid hormone increases sodium/calcium exchange activity in renal cells and the blunting of the response in aging. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 5419–5425.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 26. Harcourt-Webster JN and Truman RF (1969). Histochemical study of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in the abnormal human parathyroid. J. Pathol. 97: 287–293.
  • 27. Hargis GK, Yakulis VJ, Williams GA, and White AA (1964). Cytological detection of parathyroid hormone by immunofluorescence. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117: 836–839.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 28. Henry HL (1985). Parathyroid hormone modulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by cultured chick kidney cells is mimicked and enhanced by Forskolin. Endocrinology 116: 503–510.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 29. Herrmann-Erlee MPM, van der Meer JM, Löwik CWGM, van Leeuwen JPTM, and Boonekamp PM (1988). Different roles for calcium and cyclic AMP in the action of PTH: Studies in bone explants and isolated bone cells. Bone 9: 93–100.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 30. High WB, Black HE, and Capen CC (1981). Histomorphometric evaluation of the effects of low dose parathyroid hormone administration on cortical bone remodeling in adult dogs. Lab. Invest. 44: 449–454.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 31. Hiroyuki H, Ishida M, Liang CT, and Sacktor B (1986). Parathyroid hormone increases sodium/calcium exchange activity in renal cells and the blunting of the response in aging. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 5419–5425.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 32. Hruska KA, Martin K, Menneps P, Greenwalt A, Anderson C, Klahr S, and Slatopolsky E (1977). Degradation of parathyroid hormone and fragment production by the isolated perfused dog kidney. The effect of glomerular filtration rate and perfusate Ca++ concentrations. J. Clin. Invest. 60: 501–510.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 33. Hruska KA, Moskowitz D, Esbrit P, Civitelli R, Westbrook S, and Husky M (1987). Stimulation of inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol production in renal tubular cells by parathyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 79: 230–239.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 34. Kemper B, Habener JF, Rich A, and Potts JT Jr (1974). Parathyroid secretion: Discovery of a major calcium-dependent protein. Science 184: 167–169.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 35. Knox FG and Haramati A (1985). Renal regulation of phosphate excretion. In: The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology, DW Seldin and G Giebisch (eds). Raven Press, New York, pp. 1381–1396.
  • 36. Kronenberg HM, Igarasiu P, Freeman MW, Okazaki T, Brand SJ, Wiren KM, and Potts JT (1986). Structure and expression of the human parathyroid hormone gene. Recent Prog. Hormone Res. 42: 641–663.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 37. Lacy PE, Howell SL, Young DA, and Fink CJ (1968). New hypothesis of insulin secretion. Nature (London) 219: 1177–1179.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 38. Lerner U, Fredholm BB, and Hänström L (1985). Diphenylhydantoin inhibits parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2-stimulated bone resorption in mouse calvaria without affecting cyclic AMP formation. J. Oral Path. 14: 644–653.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 39. Lerner U, Ransiö M, and Fredholm BB (1986). Comparative study of the effects of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors on bone resorption and cyclic AMP formation in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35: 4177–4189.
  • 40. Löwik CWGM, van Leeuwen JPTM, van der Meer JM, van Zeeland JK, Scheven BAA, and Herrmann-Erlee MPM, (1985). A two-receptor model for the action of parathyroid hormone on osteoblasts: A role for intracellular free calcium and cAMP. Cell Calcium 6: 311–326.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 41. Mayer GP and Hurst JG (1978). Comparison of the effects of calcium and magnesium on parathyroid hormone secretion rate in calves. Endocrinology 102: 1803–1807.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 42. McSheehy PMJ and Chambers TJ (1986). Osteoblastic cells mediate osteoclastic responsiveness to parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 118: 824–828.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 43. Meuten DJ, Capen CC, Thompson KG, and Segre GV (1984). Syncytial cells in canine parathyroid glands. Vet. Path. 21: 463–468.[Abstract]
  • 44. Nakagami K (1967). Comparative electron microscopic studies of the parathyroid glands. II. Fine structure of the parathyroid gland of the normal and the calcium chloride treated mouse. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 28: 185–205.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 45. National Toxicology Program (1986). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of rotenone in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (CAS No. 83–79–4). NIH Publication No. 86–2576, U.S. Dept. Health and Human Serv., Public Health Serv., Natl. Inst. Health, Washington, DC.
  • 46. Nemere I and Norman AW (1986). Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium transport in perfused duodena from normal chicks: Comparison with the rapid (transcaltachic) effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 119: 1406–1408.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 47. Norimatsu H, Yamamoto T, Ozawa H, and Talmage RV (1982). Changes in calcium phosphate on bone surfaces and in lining cells after the administration of parathyroid hormone or calcitonin. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 164: 271–278.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 48. Oslapas R, Shah KH, Hoffman C, Ernst K, Ku W, Lawrence AM, and Paloyan E (1982). Effect of gonadectomy on the incidence of radiation-induced parathyroid tumors in male and female rats. Clin. Res. 30: 401A.
  • 49. Oslapas R, Prinz R, Ernst K, Smith M, Greenlee W, Hoffman C, Lawrence AM, and Paloyan E (1981). Incidence of radiation-induced parathyroid tumors in male and female rats. Clin. Res. 29: 734A.
  • 50. Owen M and Bingham PJ (1968). The effect of parathyroid extract on RNA synthesis in osteoid cells in vivo In: Parathyroid Hormone and Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin), RV Talmage and LF Belanger (eds). Excerpta Medica, New York, pp. 216–225.
  • 51. Parsons JA and Robinson CJ (1971). Calcium shift into bone causing transient hypocalcemia after injection of parathyroid hormone injection. Nature (London) 230: 581–582.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 52. Pliam NB, Nviredy KO, and Arnaud CD (1982). Parathyroid hormone receptors in avian bone cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 2061–2063.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 53. Potts JT Jr (1976). Chemistry and physiology of parathyroid hormone. Clin. Endocrinol. 5(Suppl): 307.[CrossRef]
  • 54. Potts JT Jr and Deftos LJ (1969). Parathyroid hormone, thyrocalcitonin, vitamin D and bone mineral metabolism. In: Duncan's Diseases of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, 6th ed., Vol. 2, PK Bondy (ed). W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 904–1082.
  • 55. Raisz LG and Kream BE (1983). Regulation of bone formation (second of two parts). N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 83–89.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 56. Reaven EP and Reaven GM (1974). A quantitative ultrastructural study of microtubule assembly and granule accumulation in parathyroid glands of control, phosphate, and colchicine treated rats. In: 56th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, p. A-182 (Abstract No. 252).
  • 57. Rodan GA and Martin TJ (1981). The role of osteoblasts in hormonal control of bone resorption–-A hypothesis. Calcif. Tis. Int. 33: 349–351.[CrossRef]
  • 58. Roth SI and Capen CC (1974). Ultrastructural and functional correlations of the parathyroid glands. In: International Review of Experimental Pathology, Vol. 13, GW Richter and MA Epstein (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 162–221.
  • 59. Roth SI and Raisz LG (1964). Effect of calcium concentration on the ultrastructure of rat parathyroid in organ culture. Lab. Invest. 13: 331–345.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 60. Roth SI, Su SP, Segre GV, Habener JF, and Potts JT Jr (1974). The immunocytochemical localization of parathyroid hormone in the bovine. Fed. Proc. 33241:.
  • 61. Shannon WA and Roth SI (1971). Acid phosphatase activity in mammalian parathyroid glands. In: 29th Ann. Proc. Electron Microscopy Soc. Amer., CJ Arceneaux (ed). Claitor's Publishing, Baton Rouge, pp. 516–517.
  • 62. Silve CM, Hradek GT, Jones AL, and Arnaud CD (1982). Parathyroid hormone receptor in intact embryonic chicken bone: Characterization and cellular localization. J. Cell Biol. 94: 379–386.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 63. Solleveld HA, Haseman JK, and McConnell EE (1984). National history of body weight gain, survival and neoplasia in the F344 rat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 72: 929–940.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 64. Sutton RAL and Dirks JH (1978). Renal handling of calcium. Fed. Proc. 37: 2112–2119.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 65. Tam CS, Heersche JNM, Murray TM, and Parsons JA (1982). Parathyroid hormone stimulates the bone apposition rate independently of its resorptive action: Differential effects of intermittent and continuous administration. Endocrinology 110: 506–512.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 66. Targovnik JH, Rodman JS, and Sherwood LM (1976). Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro. Quantitative aspects of calcium and magnesium ion control. Endocrinology 88: 1477–1482.
  • 67. Vaes G (1988). Cellular biology and biochemical mechanism of bone resorption. A review of recent developments on the formation, activation, and mode of action of osteoclasts. Clin. Orthopaed. Rel. Res. 231: 239–271.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 68. Weisbrode SE, Capen CC, and Nagode LN (1974). Effects of parathyroid hormone on bone of thyro-parathyroidectomized rats. Am. J. Pathol. 75: 529–542.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 69. Wong GL (1986). Skeletal effects of parathyroid hormone. In: Bone and Mineral Research 4, WA Peck (ed). Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, pp. 103–129.
  • 70. Wynford-Thomas V, Wynford-Thomas D, and Williams ED (1982). Experimental induction of parathyroid adenomas in the rat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 70: 127–134.[Web of Science]
  • 71. Yamaguchi DT, Kleeman CR, and Muallem S (1987). Protein kinase C-activated calcium channel in the osteoblast-like clonal osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 14967–14973.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 72. Yee JA (1985). Stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured neonatal mouse calvarial bone cells by parathyroid hormone. Calcif. Tiss. Intl. 37: 530–538.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 73. Youshak MS and Capen CC (1970). Fine structural alterations in parathyroid glands of chickens with osteopetrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 61: 257–274.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 17, No. 2, 333-345 (1989)
DOI: 10.1177/019262338901700210
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Capen, C. C.
Right arrow Articles by Rosol, T. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Capen, C. C.
Right arrow Articles by Rosol, T. J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?